GPU
Context
Autonomous vehicles (AVs) are complex cyberphysical systems that require extensive validation to ensure safety and reliability. Since real-world testing is expensive and potentially unsafe, simulation-based testing using platforms like CARLA has become a key component of AV software validation. These simulators reproduce realistic traffic scenarios, sensors, and environmental conditions, but they are computationally intensive and consume significant amounts of energy. As large-scale simulation campaigns become common (e.g., thousands of tests in continuous integration pipelines), improving the energy efficiency of simulation-based testing becomes increasingly important for sustainable software engineering.